I usually get up at 8.00 on school days. I don't usually go out during the week. Houses in the suburbs usually have gardens. Do you usually walk to work?
For present habits use usually / normally + present simple.
Used to: past habits and states
We used to be close friends but we don't see each other any more. I used to go out with that girl when I was at school. Did you use to wear glasses? She didn't use to have fair. She had dark hair before.
For past habits use used to / didn't use to + infinitive.
EXERCISE
Correct any mistakes in the phrases. (Workbook, pag. 40)
-I didn't use to like Callum, but now he is one of my best friends. - I usually go swimming, before I go to work. - He used to be very overweight but than he went on a diet. Now he's very slim. - Did you use to argue with your sister when you were little? - My wife doesn't usuallydrive to work. She normally walks or goes by bus. - Where did you use to work beforfe you came here? - Do you usually get home before 8.00?
Complete the sentences with usually or the correct form of used to. (Workbook, pag. 41)
- We never used to eat out but now we go to a restaurant twice a week. - We usually visit my parents on Sundays if I'm not working. - Did you use to wear a uniform when you went to school? - I used to go to the gym three times a week, but now any more. I'm too busy. - He didn't use to like children, but now he's the perfect father. - Do you usually work late on Fridays? - He used to be very patient, but now he's really impatient. - Did they use to go to the beach a lot when they were kids? - We don't usually have a long holiday, but this year we're going to Australia for six mounths.
GRAMMAR Second conditional: if+past simple, would/wouldn't+inifinitive
If I had more money, I'd buy a bigger house. If he spoke English, he could get a job in a hotel. I would get on better with my parents if I didn't live with them. I wouldn't do that job unless they paid me a really good salary. If I were you, I'd buy a new computer.
Use the second conditional to talk about hypothetical/imaginary situation in the present or future and its consequence.
EXERCISE Correct any mistakes in the phrases.(Workbook, pag. 37)
- I'd help you this weekend if I could, but I can't. - They wouldn't sell their house, even if someone offered them a million euros. - If he didn't like the job so much, he wouldn't work so hard, but he loves it. - I'd save a bit more money if I were you. - If I could choose my job, I would be a journalist. - If I didn't have small children, I'd travel more, but they're too young at the moment. - We'd go to the cinema more often, if we had the time
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs. Use the first or second conditional. (Workbook, pag. 37)
- I'll met you at the airport if you tell me what time the flight arrives. - If you're late again, you'll lose your job. - If she wasn't so selfish, she would have more friends. - Would you retire if you won the lottery? - We'll be very surprised if they get married this year. - If there were more car parks, there wouldn't be so much traffic. - You'd meet more people if you went out more often. - If I have more time next year, i'll learn another language. - If i had more time, I'd learn another language but i'm too busy.
First conditional: if (or unless) + present simple, will/won't + infinitive
If you don't do more work, you'll fail the exam. He'll be late for work if he doesn't hurry up. She won't get into university unless she gets good grades.
Use the first conditional to talk about a real situation.
Future time clauses
As soon as you get your exam results, call me. We'll have dinner when your father gets home. I won't go to bed until you come home. I'll have lunch before I leave. After I finish university, I'll probably take a year off and travel.
EXERCISE Match the sentence halves. (Workbook, pag. 35)
- I'll have to go to a new school ____ when my parents move to Doncaster. - She won't start primary school ____ until she's four years old. - I think I'll go on holiday ____ after i finish my exams. - As soon as I get home ____ I'm going to do my homework. - Her parents will get her a present ____ if she gets good marks.
Circle the correct answer. (Workbook, pag. 36)
- She won't start the class until all the pupils are quiet. - I'll probably talk to my teachers before i choose my exam subject. - We'll have to wear a uniform when we go to secondary school. - I won't leave early unless the teacher gives me permission. - She'll do her homework as soon as she gets home. - He'll be really disappointed if he fails his exams. - She won't go to secondaryy school until she's 11 years old.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb. (Workbook, pag. 36)
- Will you take the exam again if you fail it? - I'll do my homework as soon as this programme ends. - He won't leave home until he finishes at university. - When I get my resultsI'll call you immediatly. - I'll come and see you before I go to England. - We'll be late unless we hurry up. - Until I speak to my teacher I won't know what subject I'm doing. - You won't pass the exam if you don't revise more.
GRAMMAR Can, could, be able to (ability and possibility)
Can only has a present, past and conditional form.
I can speak Spanish very well. She could play the violin when she was three. She can't come tonight. She's ill. They couldn't wait because they were in a hurry. Could you open that door, please?
You can use be able to in the present, past, future, present perfect, and as a gerund or infinitive.
I am able to aept your invitation. They weren't able to come. I'll be able to practise my Englkish in London. I'd like to be able to ski.
EXERCISE
Complete the sentences with the correct form of can, could, or be able to. (Workbook, pag.30)
- She could type when she started working for IBM Berlin. - She can speak Italian. - She's able to write computer programs since at least 1990. - She'd like to be able to speak Russian. - She couldn't speak Spanish when she was with IBM London. - She'll be able to drive a car very soon.
Put the correct form. If both forms are possible, put them both. (Workbook, pag.30)
- To work for this airlain you must be able to speak English fluenty. - I'm really sorry I couldn't come to your party last Saturday. - If it doesn't rain, we'll be able to go to the mountains tomorrow. - I've been so busy I haven't been able to call him yet. - I used to be able to speak a bit of Russian but I've forgotten it now. - If we had a bit more money, we could/would be able to buy a better car. - I hate not being able to tell my boss what I really think of him. - He could/was able to talk when he was only eighteen months old. - Can you/ will you be able to help me tomorrow? - I've never been able to dance very well. - To live in the country you need to be able to drive.
You have to wear a seatbelt in a car Do you have to work on Sunday? I had to wear a uniform at my primary school I'll have to get up early tomorrow.
I must remember to phone Emily tonight - it's her birthday You must be on time for class tomorrow - there's a test
You don't have to pay for the tickets. They're free. You don't have to go to the party if you don't want to.
You mustn't eat that cake _ it's for the party. You mustn't touch that. It's dangerous.
Have to is more common for general, external obligation, for exemple rules and laws. Must is more common for specific or personal obligation. Don't have to isn't an obligation, but a necessity. Mustn't is a prohibition.
You should take warm clothes with you to Dublin. It might be cold at night.I think the government should do something about unemployment.
We use it to say if we think something is the right or wrong thing to do.
EXERCISE (Workbook, pag. 25)
- You shoul have a rest. You look exhausted. - In the future every one will have to speak English and Chinese. - Do you have to wear a suit and tie at work? -I had to stay in bed yesterday as I didn't feel well. - You mustn't park here. It's "no parking". - I didn't have to get a taxi. Lina took me to the airport. -People shouldn't answer their mobiles when they're talking to someone.
Making the test “What’s your learning style”, I've found out that I have a Auditory Learners.
I think it’s true and it describes me very well but I have also some elements of the profile Visual Learners.
I learn best through verbal lectures, discussions, talking things through and listening to what others have to say.
I understand better and I interpret the underlying meanings of speech through listening to tone of voice, pitch, speed and other nuances and, for example, I don’t need sitting at the front of the classroom to see the teacher and his body language.
But sometimes, when I study, I prefer to do charts and diagrams to simplify and remember better the lessons. And this point differs from visual learners’s features because they remember by verbalizing lessons to themselves.
Except that, the test is very reliable and it’s incredible!!!
LEGAL ENGLISH PROJECT MARCH
Answer the following questions:
1. Why are you studying English?
2. What is "Legal English"?
3. Do you think that studying "Legal English"is important? Why/Why not?
4. How is the Italian Legal System different from other system (e.g. U.K./U.S.A./France)?
5. What things might foreign lawyers or law students want to know about the Italian legal system?
6. Which of the following things do you use when you are studying:
- a bilingual dictionary?
- a monolingual dictionary?
- an on-line dictionary?
- a legal dictionary?
7. What resources help you most with:
- your English studies?
- your Legal studies?
8. What is a Wiki?
9. If you were writing a legal reference book for other students, what would you include?
1.I study English because I think that is a language, now in our time, considered internationally, necessary and essential to have more good job opportunities abroad.
2.Legal English is the study of different legal systems and of legal terms.
3.I think that studying “Legal English” is more important because every country has its own history, its culture, its language and its own legal system. So the research of legal terms, in each system, is more difficult. For example: often happens that a particular concept exists in two different jurisdictions, but it refers to two different realities. Furthermore, in an order where a term means a particular thing, in another country the same term has a different meaning.
4.The Italian Legal System different from other systems like United Kingdom, or U.S.A., or France first of all for the form of government. In fact Italy is a Parliamentary Republic, United Kingdom is a Monarchy and France is Unitarysemi-presidentialRepublic. In these legal systems the organs of the state have different roles and different importance, and also the figure of the magistrate has different competences.
5.I believe that foreign lawyers should know, about Italian legal system, the different procedural process than other states. In fact in Italy there isn’t the presence of jury and its function is performed by the judges. Instead the law students should know the different opportunity that they have after degree. They can do internship or training in law firms to be a freelance professional; or they can participate in public competitions to become the judge or notary; or they have the possibility to be part of companies’s management or administration.
6.When I’m studying I sometimes use a bilingual dictionary (Italian-English) and I have an English legal dictionary.
7.With the English studies the books help me, instead with the Legal studies I prefer to use the legal dictionary.
8.Generally Wiki is a collection of Web pages that deal and increase a particular theme or topic.
9.If I were writing a legal reference book for other students I would include legal documents like contracts and licences, summonses and judgments and most important law.
